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Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of oral language development, how various components of oral language (e.g., vocabulary and syntax development, listening-comprehension skills) contribute to emergent literacy, and how to promote oral language development to enhance emergent literacy.
- Demonstrate knowledge of phonological awareness skills and the role of phonological awareness in learning to read and write an alphabetic language.
- Demonstrate knowledge of phonemic awareness skills and the role of phonemic awareness in learning to read and write an alphabetic language.
- Apply knowledge of research-based, systematic, explicit instruction in phonological awareness skills.
- Apply knowledge of research-based, systematic, explicit instruction in phonemic awareness skills, including writing activities (e.g., phonetic spelling) that reinforce development in this area.
- Apply knowledge of differentiated instruction (e.g., interventions, modifications, enrichments) in oral language development, phonological awareness, and phonemic awareness to address the needs of all students (i.e., students who are experiencing difficulty in one or more of these areas, students with special needs, students who are English language learners or speakers of nonstandard English, and students who are advanced in one or more of these areas).
Sample Item:
Which of the following activities would be most appropriate to introduce first in a sequence of phonemic
awareness lessons focused on helping kindergarten students learn to isolate the individual sounds in simple
words such as me, ran, and sit?
- helping the students identify the first sound they hear in each of the target words
- asking the students to create new words by substituting a different final sound in each of the target words
- encouraging the students to generate words that rhyme with each of the target words
- demonstrating for the students how they can change each of the target words by saying it with a different vowel sound
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of research-based, systematic instruction in phonemic awareness skills. In a research-based approach to literacy instruction, the principle that simpler skills are taught before more complex skills serves as an important guideline for sequencing instruction in phonemic awareness. To teach a complex skill such as isolating all the phonemes in a word, the teacher should focus first on helping the students isolate just one phoneme. The first phoneme in a word is generally the easiest for children to discern.
Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of concepts of print and the development of letter knowledge.
- Apply knowledge of research-based, explicit instruction in concepts of print and letter knowledge, including letter recognition and letter formation.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the alphabetic principle and the nature of grapheme-phoneme (i.e., letter-sound) relationships in English.
- Apply knowledge of research-based, systematic, explicit instruction in letter-sound correspondence, including writing activities that reinforce development in this area.
- Apply knowledge of differentiated instruction (e.g., interventions, modifications, enrichments) in concepts of print, letter knowledge, and letter-sound correspondence to
address the needs of all students (i.e., students who are experiencing difficulty in one or more of these areas, students with special needs, students who are English language
learners or speakers of nonstandard English, and students who are advanced in one or more of these areas).
Sample Item:
Which of the following emergent literacy skills reflects understanding of a basic concept of print?
- writing the letters of the alphabet using accurate letter formation
- segmenting phonemes in a single-syllable word
- creating simple messages using phonetic spelling
- identifying the first word of the story in a picture book
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of concepts of print. Being
able to find the first word of a story in a picture book depends on mastery of several print concepts and
related book-handling skills, including knowing how to open a book to the first pages (holding the book with
the lettering upright and the spine on the left), recognizing the first page of the story (as distinct from
the cover or the title page of the book), distinguishing words from letters and paragraphs, as well as from
nontextual graphic elements, and knowing that words on a page should be read from left to right, line by line
from top to bottom.
Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze the uses of formal and informal assessments in oral language, phonological awareness, phonemic awareness, concepts of print, letter knowledge, and letter-sound correspondence.
- Interpret results from formal and informal assessments in oral language, phonological awareness, phonemic awareness, concepts of print, letter knowledge, and letter-sound correspondence.
- Demonstrate ability to use the results of formal and informal assessments in oral language, phonological awareness, phonemic awareness, concepts of print, letter knowledge, and letter-sound correspondence for screening, diagnostic, instructional, progress-monitoring, and evaluative purposes (i.e., determining students' current knowledge, skills, and abilities with respect to relevant standards; planning appropriate instruction and interventions; monitoring student progress; modifying or adjusting instruction as needed; determining whether students have achieved relevant standards).
Sample Item:
Which of the following assessment strategies would be most appropriate for measuring an emergent reader's
letter knowledge?
- having the student name letters that are presented visually
- asking the student to list the letters of the alphabet he or she knows
- having the student sound out letters that are visually presented
- asking the student to sing the alphabet song
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. This question requires the examinee to analyze the uses of informal assessments of students'
development in letter knowledge. Demonstration of letter knowledge involves a number of components, including
recognizing letters, identifying letters by name, and distinguishing letters from one another. Visually presenting
letters for students to identify makes possible a systematic survey of these components.
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